PAWLPI MAKAIH ZIA DING PAUL' HILHZIA KUPPIHNA

Cope Langh Khan Kam

Thu Patna

I gennop bulpi pen in Lai Siangtho thuthukte pholak ding cih hi-a, ahi zongin tua ading bek zong hilo hi. Tua sangin thukzaw tupna taktak in Thuciam Thak sunga Paul in a zat Pawlpi Makaih ziate hi-in Pawlpi makai siate tungah a khak Lai Siangthote mah i bulphuh dinga, gentehnate tawh i enkhawm ding hi. Tua ahih manin Paul in Pawlpi makai siate tunga akhak ahi makaih ziate enpah ni.

Timothy le Titus tungah Paul in ahilh makaih ziate

Hih hun pen Sawltakte hunkhit Paul suahtak zawh hi kha thei dingin ki-ummawh hi. Hih Timothy le Titus sunga Paul laigelhte pen pastor-te le siate tungah a gelh hi-a, mimal tungah a hopihnateng zong a muh hikhin lian takpi mah ding hiam, a ci pawlkhat om veve hi. Rome ah Paul a thong kiatna pan a suakta takpi ahih leh tua vai hangin hibang thu piang tuan ding hiam? [1]

Thuhilhna vai a buaina

Thuhilhna vai tawh kisai buaina pen 2^nd century kimteng ding bangin kingaihsun a, ahi zongin a lang lam panin a en te’n hih 2^nd century hun sung pen hithei ngiatlo ding hi; bang hang hiam cihleh hih 2^nd century hun sungin pawlpi pen khantoh cihtakin khangto hi, kici hi. Ahi zongin hipen tuhun Gnosticismte pilna le theihna tawh kituakin tua bang thuhilhna vai a buaina pen 2^nd century ma tham hikha ding hi, ci uh hi.[2] Tua ahih manin Lai Siangtho siamte’n a gen ciangin Pawlpi sung buaina akipat pen century masa hun sung pek mah hi ding hi, ci uh hi. [3]

Hih laikhakte’ gennop thu a tangpi le tangthu tom-in

Hi lai pen Sawltak Paul gelh ahih leh bang thu tawh kisai hi ding a, tuhun tapidawte ii nuntakna ah i zuih theih leh hamphat lawh ding bang ahi hiam? Hi siate tunga laikhak a tangpi ahi-a, a tangthu ahi zongin kicing le tomkim takin a banban a gen ding zong a buai huai khat mah ahi hi. Hih Lai Siangtho bu nih gel i sim tak ciangin Timothy le Titus zong a teenna uh hilo ahih lam i mu thei a, amau omna mun tawh kizui-in Pawlpi sunga buaina vai tuamtuamte a lem/vengsak dinga tawmvei sung Sia a sem pakte ahih lam uh zong kimu thei hi. Gordon Fee muhna ah Timothy masa sungteng pen a tuam hi-in a lian 2-3 sung pen thuhilhna manlo Siate omdan le nuntakziate ahi hi. [4] William Mounce in zong hih Paul laikhak pen Paul zat ngeina mah hi, ci hi. Hi mah leh Timothy masa a lian thum sung teng pen Pawlpi sunga thuhilhna manlo tawh kisai vai bek ahi hi. [5]

Tuate banah Fee ii kankhiatna sungah laikhak khempeuh sunga kigelhte pen Ephesus pawlpi sung thu bek hizenzen lo-a, tuhun Pawlpi sung kimaihna dingin zat ding ahi hi. Muhna nam nih hong kilangkhia hi. Khatna ah, 1 Tim. 2:1 le 3:15-16-nate le a lian 2-3 le 4-6-te gennop thubulpite in a kizom dimdiam ahi hi. A diakin 1 Tim. 3:15 in teltakin hong lak hi(1 Tim. 2:8 zong en in). A lian 2-3 na sunga Paul gente pen Ephesus pawlpi sung thu tawh kisai linlian cihna hilo a, ahi zongin “Pasian inn sungah mihingte’n bangci gamtat ding hiam,” cih a gennopna ahi hi. Tua banah 1 Tim. 3:15 na sunga, “A nungta Pasian pawlpi, a kip khuambul, le thumaan thutak ii bulpi,” na cih beh lai hi. Tua hi-a, Kum zalom khatna lai a Ephesus sungah kimakaihzia dinga kigente in tuhun ah zong i zat ding ahi hi. Atung lam-a i gensa Kevin Giles ii muhna sungah Paul ii laikhakte sungah ngeina tawh kinai ci-a genkhiatna thu pen Timothy a laikhak masakna sungah zong lim gen pian ahih manin Giles ii muhna pen a taangthu taktak tawh kinai lua lo hileh kilawm hi. [6]

Giles in a genna ah Timothy masa sunga om Lai Siangtho taang, hih anuai a omte a khiatna le a deihna i gen ding ciangin zuih ding pawlkhat:

(1)   1 Tim 5:3-16 sungah Paul in meigongte a khualna: Tuhun meigongte pen tamzaw phial Lai Siangtho sunga meigongte bang liang hisam lo uh ahih manin tuhun adingin kituak lo tawh hong bang zel tawh kibang kasa zel hi.

(2)    Tuhun ciangin papite-in thu a nget uh ciangun atamzaw in a khut uh lamto se lo uh a, 1 Tim 2:8; 1 Tim 2:9-10 sunga Paul in a gelh bang dan lian in zong tuhun nupite zong gamta zo tuanlo zel uh hi. Tua ahih manin 1 Tim 2:12 pen ahi bang lian in khiat theih loh ding maw ahih kei leh ei akhangto lua zaw cih ngaihsut phat huai hong suak hi.

(3)    A lian thumna sungah Paul in Pawlpi upa le makai dingte pen zi nei hi ding, ci napi tuhun ciangin zi nei pasal neilo nangawn ordain kipia om ta ahih man in Timothy masa a lian thumna pen tuhun adingin kizang theilo tawh kibang maw ei khangto lua a ii Lai Siangtho hawmthawh a ei pil/muhna tungah kinga maw cih ngaihsut huai thu hong hi zel...

(4)    1 Tim 5:17 sunga Paul in Pawlpi sungah ukna le makaih siam in thu hilh le thugen hahkat tawh a thuah upate pen thaman azah nih piak dingin kilawm hi ci-a, ahi zongin tuhun ciang Pawlpi siate lah kituam piak tuanlo upa khasum sang a om phial zongin tam nailoding ahih manin zat theih loh maw eiten akitheih mawh bawl cih tungah kinga kasa hi.

(5)    1 Tim 6:1-2 sungah sila vai tawh kisai thu ii gen ding ciangin zong tuhun tawh kituak/khua hun tawh kituak in zat theih phat nawnloh tawh hong kibang zel hi.

Atungah ii gensa om mah bangin a thudik ahilo pawl leh uplah huai deuh te cih loh Lai Siangtho khiatna i gen ciangin a tangpi a genna leh a gennopna laigil zong khen theih ding kisam dingin kamu hi. Hih tawh kisai gentehna in meigong vai gen pak leng; meigong cih ciangin kinep nading suan le muan, tu le ta nei ngiatlote pen Pawlpi in a don, a khoi hamtang ding thu mah ahihi. Hih mun ii et ciangin tuhun hita leh Paul hun lai-in ahizongin a thupi mahmah khat ahi hi. A taktakin Paul hun lai-in meigong a gen ciangin kum 60 tungsiah bangte bek atamzaw in agennuam hideuh a, tuhun ciangin meigongte it lo, donlo panpih lo ding cihna hi loin ahizongin amau dinmun, a nuntakzia uh zong kan/theih ding kisam mahmah dingin kamu hi. [7]

Hiteng bang bek zong hi loin siate tunga laikhak vai tawh kisai in a khiatnate genkhiatma a thu a tangpi theih ding kisam mahmah ci-in kamu hi. I gensa teng ban-ah sia manlo te-in a nuai-a bang danin thuhilh uh a ahizongin Paul in thumaan tawh sulzuih den hi cih ii mu thei hi.

(1)   Pawlpite’n ulian le thuneite ading thu ngetsak selo ding. Pasian in mi pawlkhat khawng bek in gupna a ngah ding deih hi.

(2)   Pawlpi makai dingte pen paubanna neilo ahih sese ding kisam lo a, tua mah bangin sia manlote zong tua bang dan mah hipah uh hi. A zite tung vuah a cihtak sese ding uh zong kisam kei ci uh hi.

(3)   Zin do, lengla do zong thupi kei, thuhilh zong kisam gawp kei, a cih mah bangun sia manlote pen tua bang mah hipah uh hi. Zu dawnin a kham uh hang zong bangmah poi kei ci hi.

(4)   Gilo in midang tawh a kitot zelzel uh hangin zong phamawh kei. Sum le pai a ip-lah uh hang bangmah phamawh kei lua ci uh a sia manlote tua bang vive mah hipah uh hi.

Hi a tunga Sia manlote thuhilhte ahi ding dan tawh kibang a om hang hipeuh mah lo hi. Sia manlote’n thuhilh zong hilh theilo takpi a, Pawlpi sunga Sia dingte’n thuhilh zong a siam hi ding Paul in ci hi. Paul hilh tawh kilehbulh in Sia manlote’n zindo zong kin in neilo a, hi mah ta leh Pawlpi sung makai sia dingte’n a inn uh mikim ading hon ding ci hi. Tuhun ciangin hi Sia manlote thuhilhna a zui ihih loh hangin Tapidaw tampite hilam nga zaw ta hi.

Hi bangin thuhilhna manlote Pawlpi sung hong tun uh ciangin Paul thuhilhna tawh kitukalh ta hi. Gitnatlohna, thangtatna lam tawh kisai bek Sia manlote’n lim gen uh ahih manin thuhilhna pen kinak sap mahmah hi.

Adiakin hibang Sia manlote tawh kisai Paul gennate a kizop dimdiamna zong kimu thei hi. 1 Tim. 2:1 le 3:15-16-te sunga Sia maanlote thu a gennate zong 1 Tim. 1:3-na mah tawh kimemat hi-a, a lian 1 khit ciangin a lian 4-6 ah genbeh a, tuate pen 1 Tim. 2:1-3:16-te mah tawh a gennopna uh a kizom ahi hi. Tua ahih manin Paul in a ngaksa bulpi(foundation), Pawlpi sunga thumaan le thuhoihte kawikaih loin hoih taka i kep zawk ding thupi hi. Johnson in Timothy pen hih bang hun sung Sia manlote lakah huh ding le panpih ding akisam a cih pen ahi mahmah thu ahi hi. [8]

Makai akisapna

Pawlpi sungah buaina om den hi. Tua ahih manin Pawlpi sunga makaite nasep ding pen Pasian’ tuute kep ding, cin ding ahi hi. Ahih zongin hih tuucing cih pen Pawlpi upa, sia le pastor mai lelte tavuan ciang bek hilo a biakna sungah Pasian nasepna mai ciang zong hi lo hi. Tuucing taktak cih ciangin lungsim tawng pan hong phulkhia Lai Siangtho gente hizaw hi. [9]

Paul hun lai in Pawlpi sungah buaina om a, Pawlpi sunga sia le upate’n Pasian tuu a ciin ding uh kinak sap, a manlo thuhilhnate hoih taka don ding kisam hi [Titus 1:9]. Banghanghiam cih leh thu a manglo, thu a mawk gengen, mi a khem thei, a diakdiakin Jew ngeina bangin vun-at nading thu a gen tampitak a om uh hi. Sum ngah theih nading bekin a kilawm lopi in thuhilh in biakna innkuan buppi nawngkaisak uh ahih manin thu a gen nawnloh nadingun khaktan ding ahi hi. Kei ka om nawnloh ciangin sa gilote in gannote a phialgawp bang in mi pawlkhat in thu-um mite hong phialgawp ding lamtak ka thei hi [Sawltak 20:29]. Amaute pen hun nunung ah om uh a [2 Tim 3:1], mite’n sum bekbek iplah in angsung pil uh ahih manin Pasian tuute kep ding le cin ding kisam hi [2 Tim 3:2-4; 1 Tim 5:17; Act 20:18; Ephe 4:11; 1 Pet 5:2].

Tuamah bangin Khazih Pawlpi sungah zong mite in thumaan a ngaihnop loh hun, amaute deihna bek a zuihnop hun, amaute zaknop thute bek a gen ding Sia a cial thuahthuah hun hong tung ding hi. Hibang hun ciangin makaite’n thumaan thutak gen in, itna tawh taii uh henla, hilh dingte hilh in, tot dingte Lai Siangtho tawh kituak in a tot ding kisam hi [1 Tim 4:11, 5:7, 6:2; 2 Tim 2:14; Titus 2:15]. Thumaan ka cih pen thupha tawh kidim in a minthang Pasian in ka hilh dingin kei tungah a hong piak lungdamna thu ahi hi [1 Tim 1:11].

Hih bang hun sungin Sia akisap lam pen Timothy le Titus laibu tungtawn mahmah in kitel hi. Tua hi-a Pawlpi sungah Sia le Upa dingte dinmun tawh kisai bekbek genpi in nei uh hi. Pawlpi tuamtuam a Siate’n thasan in Pasian’ tuute thumaan thutak tawh vakin a manlo thuhilhnate pan kep bit ding kisam mahmah hi.

Makaite min le puamte

Pawlpi sung makaihzia ding tawh kizomin twentieth century bei kuan ciang Pawlpi tuamtuamte ah Sia cih ahi-a, Upa le Pastor cih ahi zongin hong kipan pianpian pan hi. Tua hi-a Paul laigelhte tungtawn hita leh Thuciam Thak sungah Lai Siangthote sungah hita leh tuama in hici bang makaihna, min le puam tuamtuamte Pawlpi sungah kiguan/kizang nailo hi. [10]

Hi tawh kizom in Siate tunga kikhak ahi Timothy le Titus pen Dr. Clarke gen tawh kizawitawn mahmah hi. Pawlpi sunga kizang min le puam tuamtuamte’n amau dinmun leh a sep a bawl bangdan lian mah uh ahi hi. Pawlpi tuamtuamte tunga Paul laigelhnate tungtawnin zong hibang makaihna makaite dinmun a nam tuamtuam om cih pen mu thei hi hang! 1 Tim. 3:1 sungah Paul in makai dinga agente’n pen hoihtak le siamtak a uk thei, a zeek thei hiding ci hi. Tua zawh ciangin 1 Timothy sung mah ah Paul in hibang mite a gen ciangin upate cih kammal na zang leuleu hi. Tua ahih manin hibang min le puamte pen Paul laigelhna sungah kizang thei kawikawi ding hi. Tua pen Titus 1:5-9 sungah Titus in khua khempeuh ah upa a koih nading tungtawnin kitel thei hi. Titus 1:7 na sungah upa dinmun a kikoih dingte pen Pasian nasem ahih manin paubanna a omlo, a kiphasak lo, a lungtom lo, zu kham thei mi hilo, a ngongtat lo, a huaiham lo, zin do a siam mi, thuhoih a deih mi, a pumpi a ki-ukzo mi, a thutang mi, a siangtho mi le thu upna man hilh thei in thumaan a lenkip mi, ci hi. [11]

Hici bang danin min le puam kivawhnate pen Lai Siangtho mun dangte ah zong mu thei hi hang! Adiak in Sawltak Lai Siangtho sungah kimu hi. [12] Ephessian khua Pawlpi pan in Miletus ah Paul mangpha khak dinga hong pai makaite zong Paul mah in upate a cihte uh ahi hi. Paul laigelhnate ah upate le makai cih kammal a zat ciangin a kidanna om hiam a ci zong om thei ding uh hi.

Makai phazah

Pawlpi tuamtuam ah makai ding le upa ding a kisehte pen Pasian’ Pawlpi kem in a hudingte hi uh a, tua Pawlpi sungah thu-um mi a behlap ding le thuneihna anei dingte ahi uh hi. Pawlpi khat ah upa khat koih ciang mai lel tawh Paul pen lungkim nailo hi. Mun tuamtuamte ah makai dingte seh kawikawi lai hi. A deihna bulpi ahih leh thuneihna le aana neihnate pen mi khat bek khut sungah a om ding a deihloh man zong ahi hi. [13]

A diakdiakin hih Siate tunga laikhak ahi Timothy le Titus in Pawlpi sungah Sia tuamtuam tampi a omna thute hong hilh hi. 1 Tim. 4:14; 5:17; 5:20 le Titus 1:5 sung tengah Siate cih a gen ciangin khat bekin genlo in a tam in gen zaw hi. [14] Hibanga Siate cih kammal pen 1Pet. 5:1-2, 5 sungah zong kimu thei hi. Sia khat bek a gennop ciang in 1 Tim 5:19 te pawl, Titus 1:7 munte ah kimu thei hi. [15] Lai Siangtho mun dangah Siate cih a tam gen nate pen Sawltak 11:30; 14:23; 20:17, 28; Phi. 1:1; Heb. 13:17 leh James 5:14 te ah kimu thei hi. [16] Tua ahih manin tuhun ciangin Bishop khat in Pawlpi khat kem cih akitam zat hangin century masa sungteng bang ah Pawlpi khat pen makai khat bek in uk, kem cih bang ahi theilo ding dan ahi hi. [17]

Makaite’ thuzuih ding

Makaite tungah piak ding (1 Tim 5:17-18)

Siate le upa makaite pen piaktaak, zahtak huai ahihnate hong lak hi. 1 Tim 3:3; 6:10, 17-19 sungah upate pen sum deih lua hilo ding cih hi-a, ahi zongin amaute nasep pen a manpha nasep ahih manin piaktak, ngahtak ahihna hong lak hi [1 Tim. 5:18].

Lai Siangtho 1 Tim. 5:17 sungah Pasian nasemte pen tha man a zah nih piak dingin kilawm hi, ci hi. Hi lai ah tha man a zah nih a cih ciangin sum le pai mah a gen nuam ahi hi. Siate khasum tam pia lua kisa kha mawkmawk lo ding, a ci ahi hi. 1 Tim. 5:9 na sungah meigong tawh kisai genna ah zahtak ding cih ciangin zong sum le pai mah tawh zahtak ding, a ci ahi hi. 1 Tim 5:18 sunga sum le pai tawh kisai a genna zong pen Thuciam Lui sung pan khat hi-in Thuciam Thak pan Zeisu gen khat ahi hi. [18] Ahi zongin hilai ah a zah nih a cih ciangin meigongte tunga piak zahnih cihna hipah sam lo hi. A zah nih cih tak ciangin sum le pai bek zong a ci hi loin zahtakna, itna le pahtawinate zong a zah nih ngah ding kilawm a ci ahi hi. [19]

Siate tawh kizom in ngeina pawlkhatte gen bang dan hilo zaw in ukna le thuhilhna zong a kilamdan luatna om lo hi.[20] 1 Tim. 5:17 na sunga hihna a genpen zong min le zaa in kiletkhia thei hi. [21] Hi mun ah min mah na bulphuh hi. [22] 1 Tim. 3:2 na sunga Pawlpi upate neih ding leh omzia ding tawh kizui-in upate’n upate mah thu ahilh ding uh kisam hi (Titus 1:9). Hih hun lai-in Ephesus khua a om mite nuntakzia tawh kizui-in upa dingte hibang ahih loh uh phamawh hi. Tua ahih manin thu’ hoihtak ahilhte tungah a zah nih piak ding pen a kilawm mah ahi hi. Tua hi-a upate’n Sia manlote thuhilhna tawh kisai hoih tak ahilh theih ding uh kisam mahmah hi.

A tawpna ah, nasep a hanciam mahmah man hilo zaw in makaih a siam mahmah manin pahtawina a thuapin piak tak hizaw hi. Tua ahih manin Paul in a bulphuh thu ahih leh mite ukin makaihna ciang bek hilo a, upna laigil hilh in, thuhilhna maanlote nial a, thuman thutak a hilh upa makai a bulphuh hi. Upa makai a sem, thuman thutak a hilh mite pen pahtawina sangpen a ngah dingin kilawm hi.[23] 

Makaite theih ding le zuih ding (1 Tim 5:15-21)

A tunga teng a genkhit ciangin tu’n Paul in makai dingte theih ding le zuih ding pawlkhat gen leuleu hi. A masa penpen Timothy tungah gen a, upa khat peuh a mawhsak mi nih le thum a om kei buang leh thu in na sim kei un, ci hi. Hi tawh kisai Mounce in a gen na ah:

“Nih le thum theih pihna” cih ciangin Thuhilhkikna 19:15 gen mah bang tawh kizawitawn hi. Paul in zong hi Thuhilhkikna 19:15 gen mah bangin Timothy tungah hilh sawn a, mi khat peuh mawh hi akicih leh zong nih le thum bangin a gen kei buang leh tua mipa pen kimawhsak lo ding mah ci hi. [24]

Hih bang kam vaikhaknate’n Lai Siangtho sunga thukhamte pen tuhun Pawlpi sungah zong zat ding ahoihna hong lak hi. Hi phial mah taleh Sia tampitakte thumaan pan pial ahih manun Paul in tua bangte mipi mai ah na hilh un, ci-in vaikhak hi.[25] Tua bang hileh adangte’n mawhna hong zom nawnlo ding uh ci hi [1 Tim. 5:20]. Hih bang hong om tak ciangin Timothy aw kuamah deidanna nei het loin hilh tuakte na hilh in [1 Tim 5:21]. Sia ding le upa dingte na teel uh ciangin mangngilh ke’n, ci-in hong vaikhak hi.

Makaite apna (1 Tim 5:22-25)

Makai thak dingte upna tawh kisai-in Paul in theih ding le zuih ding khat gena tua pen ngak lai phot un; na manmawh kei un; Sia dingin na kipsak ziauziau kei un, ci hi [1 Tim 5:22]. [26] Banghanghiam cihleh mite lungsim le gamtat luheek pen olno takin thei pahpah lo ahihman ahi hi. Pawlkhatte gitnat lohnate ahihleh bel kilang pahpah napi’n adang pawlkhat leuleute khialhna pen kilang mengmeng lo hi. Tuamah bangin mi pawlkhatte gamtat hoihna zong akilang pahpah a om mah bangin, adangte a akithei pahpah lo zong om veve hi. Tuamah bangin Pawlpi sunga makai dingte pen teel pahpah lo zaw in damdam in hu-ngaih phot in dam ap ding hizaw hi. Hibanga kitel khinsate pen thupisak, zahtak ding thupi hi. Buaina khat peuhpeuh hong pian leh den a Thukham Lui sunga Pasian kammal bangin deidanna om loin hilh ding ahi hi.

Makaite’ thuneihna

Thu neihna le aana cih zong a kibuaipih den thu khat hi-a, kipawlna tuamtuamte bekah hi loin a poi mahmah thukhat ah Pawlpi sungah zong himah kibuaipih den keei hi. Koi mah peuh ah mihingte’n thu kinei nuam, vai kisai nuamtek mawk ahih manin kibuai pahpah hi. A haksa thu khat ahih leh aana nei le makaihna cih pen bang ah kilamdang hiam? Koi makaih a, bangci uk ding cihte pawl ahi hi. Makai pawlkhatte’n veingiat in aana zong mipite tungah nei uh a, mipi zong thuzawh in zong uk thei uh hi. Ahi zongin pawlkhat leuleute pen mipite’n ukin makaih zawsop thei hi. [27]

Tuni in i Pawlpi sungah kua’n thunei ahi hiam? Lai Siangtho sung bup ah thuneihna pen makaiteng tung mah ah om zaw deuh hi [28]. Marshall le Towner-te’n hih thuneihna cih ciangin mipite van ding, don ding le kem dingin amau tungah zong thunei pah ding, a ci uh hi [29]. Tua mah bangin Mounce in zong makaih icih ciangin mite lamlak dingin uk ding cihna hi, ci hi. Uk cih ciangin zong mipite mai ah pai ding zong kisam a, mipite mai ah pai ding cih zong pen it le kep ding kisam hi. Pawlpi sunga makai ding tengin zong tua mah tawh kizom in mite khual in kem ding cihna hipah hi. [30] Tua hi-a, ukna cih tawh kisai kammal ii gennop bulpite 1 Tim. 3:4,5; 5:17; 1 Thess. 5:12 cihte ah kitel mahmah hi. [31] Ukna cih kammal sungah ukzawh nading thuneihna nei cihna ahi hi.

Makaite’n mipite makaih ding, uk ding, kem ding le cing ding uh ahih manin mipite tung le innkuanpihte tungah thu a neih ding uh kisam hi. Inn pa pen in innkuante tungah thu a neih ding pen akisam hi-in tate pen a makaihna le a ukna nuai ah etlawm takin a koih theih ding kisam hi [1 Tim 3:4]. Hih bangin ahih ciangin PA ahihna tawh kituakin a sep ding kisam hi [32]. Tua bang mahin Pawlpi makaite dinmun zong tua bang dan ahi hi. Pasian’ Pawlpi ahi mipite itna tawh makaih in lamlak dinga mite tungah thu a neih ding kisam hi. Hih tawh kisai in Heb. 13:17-na sungah kilim gen beh lai-a, tua bangin mite makaihna ah Pasian ading a sem ahihlam uh a phawk ding uh kisam hi. Makaite’n a neih uh ukna le thuneihna hangin a sepna vai khat peuhpeuh hangin Pasian in amaute mawhmat lo ding hi.

A nunung lam ah Paul in Pasian na a sepna hangin a thuneihnate pen Titus le Timothy tungah pia khia hi, ci-in kimu thei hi. Hih ka hong thugente hilh inla, mite tai-in na hanthot ciang in na aana neihteng khempeuh zang kawm in. Mite simmawh in om kei-in, ci hi [Titus 2:15]. Sia manlote thuhilhna tawh kisai-in thumaan hilh zong a thupi mahmah thu ahi hi [Titus 1:13-15]. Tua ahih manin Titus mah bang Pasian nasem makaite’n Sawltak zah hihna tawh kizui-in thuhilhna manlote hilh theih nading aana le thuneihnate nei uh hi. [33]

Tua ahih manin Paul’ laikhak Pawlpi tuamtuamte ah Siate om ciat uh a tua Siate’n Pasian tuute cing ding leh hoih taka kem dingin a a telcingte uh ahih manin zong zahtak huai uh a, tha man a zah nih ngah ding akilawmte uh ahi hi. Timoty le Titus bu sunga om a deihna pi pen in hi bang dan ahi hi.

Siate tunga laikhakna sunga kihel tuamtuamte

Makai dingte neih ding akisam pilna siamna

Tuhun Pawlpi sung thanemna le buai theihna ahang tuamtuamte pen Pawlpi makai siate le upate’n Pasian nasep nading akisam ahi pilna le siamnate a neihloh man uh ahi hi. Tua ahih manin Pasian adingin hibang pilna siamna anei, khami le lungpuak hoihte bek mah makai dingin seh leng ahoih ding ahi hi. I pawlpi khangto in kha thu sungah nuamsa-a, a nosuah ding i deih leh Pasian sathau nilhte bek mah makai a koih ding ahi hi [34].

Siate le makaite neih ding pilna le siamna cih tawh kisai i gen ciangin hih Timothy le Titus val a Lai Siangtho sungah a kilimgenna mun omlo ding hi. Siate le Pawlpi makaite neih hamtang ding cihte pen 1 Tim. 3:1-7 le Titus 1:6-9 sungah kician takin kigelh hi. Tua bang tuamtuamte i genma in i phawk ding thu thum ngaihsun pak ni. A masa in 1 Timothy le Titus pen kibangin a kilamdanna om lo zah dong ahi hi. [35] Anihna ah hih Lai Siangtho i sim tak ciangin Pawlpi sunga makai dingte pen pasal hi hamtang ding cih zong i mu a, ahi zongin tu-in ahih leh a tangpi in i enkhawm ding hi. A tawpna a tunga thute pen Lai Siangtho sunga kigente ahi hi. [36] Tua ahih manin makai dingte pen paubanna neilo hi ding cih ciangin ukna le aana zong nei thei ding cihna hipah hi. [37]

Makaite neih ding pilna le siamnate kikhen thei hi. Innkuan makaihna ah paubanna omlo ding, ama pumpi nuntakna ah paubanna omlo ding, lungdamna gupkhiatna thu genna ah zong paubanna neilo hiding hi. Hibang tengah paubanna neihloh nading tawh kisai zong i khen thei lai hi.

Innkuan makaihna ah paubanna neilo hiding

Pawlpi sungah sia ding pen zi khat bek a nei mi hiding [1 Tim 3:2a]. Banghang cihleh pawlkhatte’n zi tampi a nei minam zong om thei, zi tawh kikhen in midang tawh kiteeng kik zong om thei, bek tham loin zi nei lopi a sia sem zong om thei hi [38]. Zi khat bek nei mi hiding cih ciangin zite tungah a citak mi hiding, a zi zong a pasal tung mah a citak mi hiding![39] Getz gen mah bang in:

Hi bang dan nupa vai pen Thuciam Thak sungah kithupit ngaihsut mahmah hi. Banghanghiam cihleh hi hunlai a thu-um mite pen biakna dang pana hong piangthak tuung uh ahi hi.  Ahi zongin mihau pawlkhatte bel numei kizuakte gei ah pailo uh hi; ahang pen ahaute’n numei sila nei uh in tuate tawh kithuah thei uh hi. Zi khat val neih ding akiphalloh hangin innkuan sungah numei nih le thum om pih thei uh hi [40].

Siate’n hibang dan nuntak ngeina a neih ding uh kisam hi. Banghanghiam cihleh tua bang hi keileh makaite zukham ankham zong om thei hi. Sum le pai duhhop in hehbaih lungtom thei uh a, zikik neih ding Pasian in a deih lohnate hibang teng tawh kitel pah hi. Tua ahih manin numei lam hita leh, sum le pai lam hita leh midangte tungah paubanna neilo a om ding uh ahi hi. [41]

Pawlpi sia dingte pen ama innkuan sung mahmah hoih tak a makaih zo mi hiding a, a tate’n ama thu a mang hiding hi [1 Tim 3:4]. A tate’n ama up mah um in Pasian a zahtak lo hilo ding uh hi [Titus 1:6]. A thupi khat ah a ukzo maw, a honkhia hizaw? Lai Siangtho thutuuk kammal sincianna sungah tate tunga maipha pia-in ukna neih ding gen a, ahi zongin tuhun kamgenna LST teisawnte letkhiatna sungah tate muang, um cih bangin kilet ahih manin thu laigil kiam tuam hi. [42]

Khatna ah, Pawlpi siate pen ama innsung hoih tak a kem zo mi hiding bek tham loin Pasian innsung zong hoih tak a kem zo hiding deihna hi. Tua hi-a Pasian’ Pawlpi makaih theih ding le makaih theih loh ding pen tate makaihna pan ki enkhol thei hi (Titus 1:7).

Hih dinmun tawh kizawitawn in 1 Tim. 3:4-5 sunga thute pen Titus 1:6b tawh kibang ahihna thu kigen hi. Knight in hih mun tawh kisai ama laibu sahpi sungah hibangin gen a:

‘Hih ding,’ cih kammal sungah ‘cihtakna le upna,’ kigawmkhawm ahi hi. 1 Tim. 3:4-5 na sunga thute in a thupi mahmah thu pawlkhat hong phawksak a, ‘thunial hatlo in, zawhthawh thu tawh seploh ding,’cihte hong theisak hi. Tua thu in gamtat luheekna lam a bulphuh ahi hi. Tua hi-a, 1 Tim 3:4 in hong gennop bulpi ahih leh ‘Makai dingte’n a innkuan makaih zawhna le tate ukzawhna neih ding,’ ahi hi. Tua bek zong hi loin hibang makaite pen bangci ciang a makaih cih leh ama nuntakzia mahmah bangci cihte zong thupi mahmah ding hi.[43]

Nihna ah, Titus 1:6 na sunga kammal khat pen cihtakna ahi hi. Tua cihtakna icih zong muanhuaina tawh a kizom kammal ahi hi. Lai Siangtho mun tampi ah i mu thei hi (1 Tim. 1:12,15; 3:1,11; 4:9; 2 Tim. 2:2,11,13 le Titus 1:9). Van Neste genna ah, “Lai Siangtho mun ii bulphuh thu ahih leh tate ii gamtat luheekna a pahtak huai ding ahi hi,” na ci hi. [44]

A tawpna ah, Innkuan makaihna cih tawh kizui-in innkuanpih, zi le tate a makaih zote’n micin mitang, mawhnei mawhneilo, pawlpi mite zong makaih zo ding cih lunggulhna ahi hi. Strauch in a genna ah, “Hibang i gen ciangin a piangthak tate pen pate hang hikhin sam loin gupna pen Pasian le Kha Siangtho nasepna bek ahi hi. Pasian in pate zong a zat hun a om sam hangin gupkhiatna tawh kisai pen Pasian ahi hi (John 1:12-13).” [45]. Tua ahih manin Pawlpi sia dingte pen a innkuan a makaih thei hiding, zite tungah a citak, tate makaih thei hiding hi.

Ama nuntakna ah paubanna neilo hiding

A nihna ah makaite’n amau nuntakna mahmah ah paubanna neilo mi hiding uh hi. A masa a bang hi loin hih a nihna pen kitelcian mahmah a, tua pen makai siate gamtatkhialh leh paukhialh ahi hi. Tua ahih manin hi midikte le migilo, thuhilhna manlo siate gamtatsia pen kibang vetlo hi. Tua ahih manin Titus hong lahkhiat thute siksan in a kician in en suk lai ni.

Sia makaite hih loh ding

Angsung pil lo ding (Titus 1:7; 1 Tim. 3:6)

Sia manlote’n thu mawk gengen in mi a khem thei, a diakdiak in Judah ngeina bangin vun-at ding a gen tampitak a om uh hi [Titus 1:10]. Thu thei kisa mahmah napi’n amau mahmah in bang gen cih nangawn a theilote’n Pasian thukhamte a hilh dingin ut zaw lai hi [1 Tim 1:7. 46]. Tua hi-a Pawlpi makai sia dingte pen hici bang dan hi theilo ding uh hi. Sia manlote’n to sem nuam uh a, himah leh Pawlpi sia dingte pen sila makai ahih ding uh kisam hi [Mark 10:42]. Tua mah tawh kizom in Peter in 1 Pet. 3:2-5 na sungah sia ding cih ciangin ukgawp ding cih lam hizaw loin midangte etteh theih dingin gamta in, kiniamkhiat ding hong hanthawn hi. Scott in a genna ah, “Makaih siamna letsong hong kipiakna sungah gimna le tawlna zong kihel hi,” a ci hi. [47] Paul in a gelhna mun khempeuh ah makaihzia tawh kisai-in sila limla in makaih ding lam tawh hong hanthawn zaw hi. [48]

A lungtom mi hilo ding (Titus 1:7)

Sia pawlkhatte lungtom in heh pahpah ahih manin Pawlpi sia dingte pen hici bang hithei lo ding hi. Tua bang mite in thu kisel, thu kinial cih peuh ut bel in nei a, hazatna, kilemlohnate thumaan thutak zui ngiatlo uh ci hi [1 Tim 6:4-5]. Ahi zongin Pawlpi siate pen hi bangin lungtom, heh, gitloh thuah cih bang hi theilo ding uh hi. [50].

Zukham thei mi hilo ding (Titus 1:7, 1 Tim 3)

Pawlpi sungah sia manlote’n zunek zudawn phamawh kei acih uh hangin Paul in makai dingte pen zukham thei mi hilo ding ci hi [Titus 1:15; 1 Tim. 4:3]. Paul in a genna ah Pawlpi sia dingte pen zukham thei mi hilo ding cih ciang bek hi loin khamtheih guihtheih a khoih lo limlim mi hiding a ci ahi hi [51].

Gitloh a ukmi hilo ding (Titus 1:7; 1 Tim. 3:3)

Sia manlote pen zukham thei, lungtom, gitloh uk uh hi. Hibang mite’n mi khem thei, thu mawk gengen, Pasian a thei-in a kigen uh hangin a gamtatnate uh tawh kilehbulh, a muh thadah huai, na hoih sem dingin kilawmna a neilo mite ahi uh hi [Titus 1:10, 16]. Hibangte pen Ephesus khua a om sia manlote ahi uh hi. Ahih zong Paul in Pasian pen mi ginalo hilo ahih manin ama nasemte tua bang hi theilo ding ci hi [2 Tim 2:24]. Hici bang sia ginalo, gitloh uk siate lak mah ah zong Pawlpi siate citak in nunnem a kiniamkhiat ding mah ahi hi. [52]

A ngongtatlo mi (Titus 1:7; 1 Tim. 3:3)

Hibang sia manlote’n Pasian thuhilh pen sum le pai ngah nadingin ngaihsun in sem uh hi [1 Tim. 6:5]. 1 Tim 6:10 tua bangin sum le pai a iplah luat manun mi tampitak upna panin lam pial khin ta uh hi. Tua ahih manin hih bang hun sungin Paul in sia le makai ding cih pen sum le pai deih luatna sungah puk loin upna ah cihtak ding hong hanthawn hi. [53]

Makaite gamtat luhek zia ding

Zindo a siam mi (Titus 1:8; 1 Tim. 3:2)

Hi tawh kisai siang takin a kigelh loh hang sia manlote’n zin le leng do ding pen thupi ngaihsut lo uh hi. Amau zin do nuamlo in ahih hang amau mi kiangah va khawl nuam zaw lai uh hi [54]. Paul gelhna ah ahih leh Pawlpi makai siate’n tapidaw dang zin le leng do ding thupi ngaihsut ding pen thupisak hi.

Thuhoih a deih mi (Titus 1:8)

Crete khua a om sia manlote pen gina hetlo in a muh thadah huai, thumanglo, na hoih sem ding in kilawm vet lote uh ahi hi [Titus 1:16]. Tua hi-a 2 Tim. 3:3 a gen mah bangin hibangte mikhual lo, hehpihna lah neilo, mi gensiat hat, ngongtat in thu hoih peuh mah deihlo uh ci hi. Hi bangte thuhilhna tawh kilehbulh in Paul in biakna makai siate pen thu hoih a deih mi hiding ci hi. [55]

Amau mahmah a ki-ukzo[56] (Titus 1:8; 1 Tim. 3:2)

Tua bang hun lai a sia manlote pen amau le amau mahmah lah kikem lo, lah ki-ukzo loin midangte gensia, khamtheih guihtheih zu le sa lah kidek lo uh ahih manin hibang thuhilhna pen nakpitak in thupi hi. Tua hi-a Titus 1:12 na sungah amau Crete gammite sungpan in a kamsangpa uh khat in, Crete gam mite a zuau thei tawntung, ganhing bangin a gilo, a thadah, uisan mi ahi uh ci-in na gen hi.[57] Hibangte tawh kilehngat in Paul in Titus 2:12 na sungah eite in i lamet a lian Pasian leh eite hong hon Zeisu Christ a vangliatna hong kilatkik ding hun ngakin i om laitak in i biakna tawh kituaklo thute leh leitung nate deihna phiat in lungsim hi hithiat in om in thutang in hih leitungah Pasian deihna bangin i nuntakna dingin tua Hehpihna thu in eite hong hilh hi, na ci hi. [58]

Thutang mi hiding [59] (Titus 1:8)

Hibang sia ginalote pen ahihna khat peuhpeuh vuah thutang ngiatlo, amau mahmah in ki-ukzawhna siikan lah neilo uh hi. 2 Tim 3:4 sungah a gen mah bangin ciampel in thukhual loin kiphasak gawp in Pasian don loin pumpi nopsakna bek deih ci hi. Hibang dan sia manlote omdan tawh kilehngat in century masa Pawlpi makaite thutang ding kisam hi.

Siangtho mi [60] (Titus 1:8)

Hih a siangtho nuntakna pen a tunga thutanna mah tawh kibang pian lel a, sia manlote ahih leh hibang nuntaknate tawh kigamla hi. Amau pumpi nopsak ding bek thupi ngaihsut uh a, zulhtak in thaangtat uh a, a nuntakna uh siangthona tawh kigamla hi [Titus 1:15]. Bek tham loin sum le pai vai ah zong citak lo, nulepa vai ah zong citak lo, pawlpi sunga meigongteng peuh tawh kithuah uh hi [1 Tim 5:3-6]. [61]. Hibang hun laitakin sawltak Paul in pawlpi sunga meigongte sanggam numei bangin ngaihsut ding hong hanthawn hi [1 Tim 5:2]. Tua ahih manin pawlpi sia makai dingte pen, citak dinga, a nuntakna mahmah uh le a ngaihsutnate uh a siantho ding ahi hi.

A kisek zo mi [62] (Titus 1:8; 1 Tim 3:2)

2 Tim 3:3 na sungah Paul in sia manlote a gen ciangin zulhtatte, amau le amau ki-uk zolo na ci hi.[63] Mi khuallo, hehpihna lungsim neilo, mi gensiat hat in ngongtat, thusia uk na ci hi. [64]. Tua hi-a Pawlpi makai dingte pen amau le amau a kikem zo, a kisek zo mi hing uh hi. [65]

A zahtak huai [66] (1 Tim. 3:2)

Nuntakna limlim pen a zahtak huai hi ding ci hi.[67] Sia manlote ahih leh zahtak theih dingin zong omlo uh, itna le khualna lah neilo, mi gensiat hat, kilem ding lah kin in neilo, amau pumpi ki-uk loin thusia uk uh ci hi [2 Tim 3:3]. Himah leh pawlpi sung sia dingte pen thuhoih a deih mi hi ding, 2 Tim 3:2, a pawlpi mite le kim le pam te’ zahtak mi hiding ci hi. [68] Pawlpi sia dingte pen innkuan makaihna bek ah paubanna neilo hilo dinga, ama mimal nuntakna mahmah ah paubanna neilo hiding ci hi. Hi tawh kizomin sia ding makai ding cihte pen thuzuihna mahmah ah hita leh a nuntakna sungah paubanna neilo ahih ding thupi hi.

Thumaan thutak ahilh thei mi (Titus 1:9; 1 Tim. 3:2)

Sawltakte thuhilhna pan in hih sia manlote lampial khin zo ta hi [1 Tim 1:3-4; Acts 2:42]. Tua ahih manin Titus pen hibang sia manlote thuhilhna hita leh a upnate uh thumaan thutak tawh a kituahkik theih nadingin ahilh dinga kiseh ahi hi. Titus pen thuhilhna man hilh thei-in a langpangte a nial theih nadingin a kihilh bang tektek in thumaan thutak a lenkip zo mi hiding ci hi. Lungdamna thu tawh kisai in Sawltakte gen lungdamna thu bek mah thumaan thutak, nuntakna khelzo a uptaak hi-a, sia manlote gen ahi lungdamna thu pen nuntakna khelzo hilo, uptaak le muantaak hilo hi.[69] Tua hi-a hih a uptaak Sawltakte’ gen lungdamna thu a umte bek mah Pawlpi sungah sia ding le makai ding in muancing hi.

Titus 1:9 na sungah Paul in a genna om mah bangin makai dingte pen upna man ahilh theite hiding, upna man pan lampialte a tai thei hiding deih hi. Himah leh tua hunlai a Pawlpi sunga maikai dinmun a neite’n pilna sinna nei tuanlo uh hi. Kha galdona zong tam in khaniin nasepna zong tam mahmah hi. Makai dingte pen thuhilh thei ahihloh uh phamawh hi [70].

Makai dingte numei maw pasal

Hibang dan buaina tuamtuamte pen mi pawlkhatte’n Paul hun lai bek hi; tuhun ciangin hibang dante tawh kituak nawn kei ci uh hi. Ahi zongin Lai Siangtho i et ciangin hibang buaina tuamtuamte pen Paul hun bek hi loin tuhun ciang zong kisam mahmah ahihna kitel thei hi. Tua hi a 1 Timothy a lian nihna a zomteng lian thumna ah ban gen to lai hi [71].

Hibang in Paul lai khakte akipan Thuciam Thak sungteng i et ciangin Pawlpi sunga makai ding pen pasal mah Lai Siangtho in na tel zaw hi, cih pen mu thei hi hang! Tuhun ciangin ahih leh Pawlpi le Pasian nasepna sungah numei le pasal vai pen gen ham pian hong suak ta hi. [72]

Ahi zongin tuhun khangthak hun paizia tawh en loin Paul in a laikhak hun laite lungngai kik pak hileng amau hun lai-a, Pawlpi makaite pen pasal hi hamtang ding cih I mu thei hi. [73] Tua hangin hidan pomzia pen Lai Siangtho thuciam thak in na zang suak ahi hi.

Khatna ah, makai dingte neih ding tawh kisai pilna le siamna vai ah 1 Tim. 3:1-7; Titus 1:5-9 sung enleng makai ding pen pasal mah in kilang hi. Ahi zongin upa dingte a genna leuleu ah 1 Tim 3:8-13 a tuam ahi hi. Tua ahih manin Pawlpi sung sia makai dingte pen zi khat a nei mi hi ding [1 Tim 3:2, Titus 1:6], a innkuante a ukzo mi hiding [1 Tim 3:4] na ci hi. Hibang a gen ciangin pasalteng bek tung mah a agen ahi hi.

Nihna ah, 1 Tim 3:1-7 sung a makai dingte neih ding pilna siamnate vai ah 1 Tim 2:9-15 numeite in pasalte tungah aana nei-in thu a hilh ding ka phal kei Lai Siangtho in ci hi. Sawltak Paul in a muh le a theih tawh kizui-in numei in pasalte tungah thu a neih ding pen phal loin numeite dai taka om ding gen hi[1 Tim 2:12]. 1 Tim 3:2 na sungah makai dingte pen thu ahilh thei mi hiding ci a, 1 Tim 3:4-5 na sungah tua bang makaite’n a innsung a ukzo mi hiding ci lai hi. Tua hi-a Lai Siangtho in numeite’n hih lo ding a cih teng makai siate’n hih ding a ci ahi hi.

Thumna ah, numeite’n pasalte tungah ukna nei-in thu ahilh ding a phallohna ahang pen kician siang lianlo hi. Ahi zongin ahang pen tua hun laitak in mite nuntakzia le ngeina tawh kituakin a kigelh ahi hi.[74]. Tua hi-a Paul in Pawlpi sung hita leh kipawlna dangte ah zong pasal makaihna tawh kisai bang phamawh sa-lo hi. Paul in zong Lai Siangtho sungah Pasian in mihing a bawl cil pasal a bawl masak zawk akipan mawhna pen numei tungtawn a hong lutnate zong siksan ahi hi. Numeite’n pasalte tungah ukna a neih ding a phallohna zong mawhna le khemna hong lut masakna pen numei tungtawn mah ahi hi [75].

Paul in ukna le makaihzia tawh kisai ah a zaalian zaw deuh leh zaaneu zaw deuh om ding a ci nuam ahi hi. Hi tawh kisai zong Lai Siangtho mundang ah 1 Cor 11:3-16, 14:34-35 sung ah kimu lai hi. [76]

1 Cor. 11 na sunga om i tel zawhloh thu pawlkhat, mawhna hong pianzia akipan om hi. Ahi zongin hih Paul laigelhte tungtawn in enleng a kimu thei pawlkhat om hi.

Mi khempeuh lutang pen Khazih hi-a, numei lutang pen pasal hi-in, Khazih lutang pen Pasian ahihna thu 1 Cor 11:3 sungah hong lak hi. Pasian in ama lim le mel sunin mipa a bawl ahih manin pasalte’n a lu uh a tuam ding uh zong kisam lo a, ahi zongin numei pen pasalte ading a kipiangsak ahi hi. Numei sung pan in mipa hong piang hilo in mipa’ sung pan in numei kibawl hizaw hi. Numei adinga pasal akipiangsak hilo in pasal adingin numei akipiangsak hizaw hi (1 Cor. 11:3,7-10).

Tua mah bangin 1 Cor. 14:34-35 sunga buainate vengsak keileng pawlpi sung cidam lo ding ahihna zong kimu hi. 1 Cor. 11:2-16 sungah a kigen thute pen 1 Tim. 2:11-15 tawh kibang thu ahi hi. [77]

Numeite biakinn sungah daitak in tu dinga pau ding kiphallo uh hi. Thukham in a genna om mah bangin numeite pen pasalte ukna nuai-a om ding ahi uh hi. Theihnop khat peuh a neih uh leh zong inn a tun kik ciangun a pasal kiangah daitakin dam dot kik zaw hen Lai Siangtho in ci hi [1 Cor 14:34-35]. [78].

Lai Siangtho sunga om thu pawlkhat i theih zawhloh a om hangin makaihna tawh kisai ah a diakdiakin century masa kum zalom hun sungin makai upate pasal mah na hi uh cih pen kitel hi.

Makaite’ nasep

Hibang makai upate’ nasep ele bang teng hi mawk hiam? Hi tawh kisai dotna pen Pawllu buaipih pipen na hilo ahih manin tutak i gen ding haksa hi. Himah leh theih ding thu nih om a, (a) khatna ah makaite nasep pen thuhilh ding mah na hi hamtang hi. (b) nihna ah makaite pen pawlpi mite don ding, kem ding, ahi bangbang ah makai hiding uh cih pen kitel hi. [79]

Hibang lai in Pawlpi sungah makai suah theih nadingin a innkuan a ukzo mi hi hamtang ding, ahang pen ama innkuan sung nangawn hoihtak ukzo kemzo keileh bangci bangin Pasian innkuan pawlpi makaih zawh ding cih thu ahi hi [1 Tim 3:4-5]. Hibang dan vanzia le kepdan pen Thuciam Thak tupna lianpen mah na hipah hi. Witmer gen mah bangin Pasian tuu kem cih pen lungsim tawng pan a hong phulkhia itna tawh makaihna na hi hi. [80]

Tua ahih manin Jeisu in Peter kiangah, ‘Ka tuute na kem in’ John 21:16 ci hi. Tua hi-a Peter zong makai upa ahihna tawh kizui-in upa makai dangte kiangah Pasian tuute kep ding le cin ding hanthawn hi [1 Peter 5:2]. Paul in Khazih in pawlpi tungah hong piak letsongte ana gen ciang in Ephesus ah zong amaute pen tuucingte na kici uh hi [Ephesus 4:11]. [81] Tua ahih manin hibang a Pasian tuute hoihtak a kemte pen tha man a zah nih piak tak na ci leuleu hi [1 Tim 5:17]. [82] Hih in makaite mawhpuak ahi hi. [83] Pawlpi sung makaihna hih tuucin nasep pen akisam mahmah le a thupi mahmah nasep khat ahi hi.

Tua bang makaite’n bang teng liantak ahia leh a sep uh? Pasian tuute a cin kawm un thuhilh ding, makai hoih cihte pen thuhilhna leh Pasian thugenna a hahkatte ahi hi [1 Tim 5:17]. Hipen makai khempeuhte’ mawhpuak ahi hi. Tuucin nasep a semte’n thu a hilh theihloh a phamawh ahi hi [1 Tim 3:2]. A zak bang tektek un thumaan thutak a hilh kik thei mite hiding uh ci hi [Titus 1:9].

Hici bangin Jeisu in a nungzuite le Peter kiangah, Ka tuute na cing in’ ci-in vaikhak hi [John 21:15, 17]. Hibang lian mah tawh sawltak Pawllu in Timothy kiangah “Hun hoih hun sia cih khen tuan loin Pasian thuhilh ding na kin ngaihsut nading, lungduaina tawh mite lungsim zo in mite tai in hanthawn in na hilh nadingin thu a hong pia ka hi hi ci hi [2 Tim 4:2]. Pasian thu na hilh in cih pen sawltak Pawllu vaikhakpi pen ahi hi. Thumaan ka cih pen thupha tawh kidim in a minthang Pasian in ka hilh dingin kei tungah a hong piak lungdamna thu ahi hi. Tua ahih manin hih makaite sep pipen ahih leh Lungdamna thu tangko ding leh Pasian thuhilh hi pipen hi.

Pasian tuucingte sep pipen in ahih leh Pasian thuhilh leh Lungdamna thu tangkona ahi hi. A diakdiakin hi Timothy le Titus Lai Siangtho sunga Pawlpi makaite’ nasep Pasian pawlpi kem a khoi ding ahi hi. [84]. Tua ahih manin makai dingte pen ama innsung mahmah hoih takin a kemzo, a ukzo mi ahih ding pen kisam mahmah hi.

Timothy le Titus sunga makaite’ nasep

Himun a kikup ding pen Sawltak Paul in khalam ah a ta ahi Timothy le Titus tungah makaihzia ding a hilhte hi-a, tua makaihna pen a diakdiakin Kawlgam sung khangthakte kimakaihna a zatding ahoih mahmah thute ahi hi. Tua bek tham loin, khangno makai khat ii neihloh a phamawh pawlkhat zong i en dinga tuate pen sila limla makaihzia hi-in, gamtat hoih, gamtat pha, kha tawh kidim khami, ngimna le tupnate ah citak, midangte tawh kizopdan siam cihte akipan, buaina khat peuhpeuh vensak a siam, vai bangkim ah a muanhuai cih bangte hiding hi.

Pawlpi sungah numei tawh kisai phawk ding khat om hi. Meigong cih ciangin khangno lai meigongte le a teek khin meigong, a don a khoi ding omlote pan khensiam ding thupi dinga hibang meigongte huh nadingin bangci ciangah panpih ding cihte akipan vaihawm ding thupi ding hi [1 Tim 5:3-19]. Tua hileh hibangte kua’n vai sai ding? Upate mah hiding uh hi.

Tua mah bangin mihaute zong don a kulna mun om veve hi. Meigong khangno laite zong khem in a ut bangun a zang sia manlote pawl zong om veve hi. Tua hi-a hibang meigongte zong don le kep kisam uh hi. Tua bang lunggulh nopna pan lunglut lohna dingin zong pawlkhatte’n a genpih ding uh kisam hi. (2 Tim. 3:6; 1 Tim. 5:14b – 15; 2 Tim. 2:26). A kisap tawh kizui-in pasal kisam a omleh lungsim siangtho tawh sanggam numei bangin vaihawmpih ding hi (1 Tim 5:2,17,25; Titus 2;3-5) [85]. Tua hileh hi bang numeite’n suan le khak hong tawi in nuntak siangtho in hong nungta ding uha a kha un gupna hong ngah lawh ding uh hi [1 Tim 2:15]. [86] Timothy le Titus-te a om nawnloh uh ciangin zong hibang nasep pen makai upate tungah mawhpuak om ding hi.

Hiteng bek zong hilo, kua’n upa khanghamte hong hilhsak ding? Kua’n amaute ading tha man hong vaihawmsak ding? Sawltakte hong om nawnloh ciangin kua’n upa le makai thak hong telsak ding [1 Tim 5:17, 25, 2 Tim 2:2]. Buaina tuamtuam hong om ciang kua’n hong van ding? Pasian tuucin nasep a semte van ding mah ahi hi.

James 5:14-16 sunga genna om mah bangin upate nasep ding adang khat pen cina a om ciang sathau nilh in thungetsak ding ahi hi. [87] Tua pen tuucingte nasep thupi le a lo theilo thuhilh le Lungdamna thu gen tawh thuah ding ahi hi.

Lai Siangtho mun tampi sungah makaite sep ding kimu thei hi. Khatna ah Sawltakte nasep pen Pasian tuute lungsim tawng pan in itna tawh kem ding ahi hi. Peter in zong tua bang mah in ‘Pasian in note khut sungah a hong piak tuuhonte hoih takin na cing unla, utlo pipi hilo in, Pasian hong deih bangin utna lungsim takpi tawh na cing un na ci hi [1 Pet 5:2]. Paul in zong Pasian tucin ding tawh kisai a gen ciangin hibang mah in lungsim tawng pan utna mah thupi sak hi. “Mi khat peuh in pawlpi sia nasep a sep nopleh ahoih mahmah ahi hi (1 Tim 3:1) na ci hi.

A nihna ah Pasian tuute kiniamkhiatna tawh kem ding ahi uh hi. 1 Pet. 5:3 na ah Peter in ‘Note kep dingin ahong kipia tuute aana neihna tawh a cing hi loin tuute etteh dingin a gamtate na hi un, ci lailai hi.

Tuamah tawh kibangin sawltak Paul in ‘Khangno lai na hihna thu hangin mite simmawh dingin na om kei inla kampauna, gamtatna, itna, upna le siantho’na ah thu-um mite etteh dingin na om in, ci beh lai hi. Titus tungah zong ‘Nangma pumpi mahmah gamtat hoihna akipan thu khempeuh etteh hoih dingin na om in. Lungsim takpi tawh mite zahtak theih dingin thu na hilh inla, mite mawhmat theihloh ding kam hoihte na zang in ci hi (Titus 2:7). Zeisu cih mah bang in:

“Ahi zongin Zeisu in amaute sam a, mi a ukte in mite tungah aana nei uh a, mi a makaihte in thu a neihna tawh a ukna thu na thei uh hi. Ahi zongin note lakah tua bang hilo ding hi. Note lakah a lian ahi dingte note nasem hi dinga, note lak ah a lian pen ahi dingte note sila hi ding’ Matthew 20:25-27 ci hi.

A tawpna ah, himah tawh kibangin Paul gen Pasian tuucing dingte’n lungsim nem tawh kem uh henla, ama innkuanpihte mah bangin ngaihsun hen ci hi. Tuamah bangin Timothy kiangah “Nang sangin uzaw mite tai bawl kei inla, na pa bangin ngaihsun in hanthawn in. Nang sangin a nauzawte na nau bangin bawl in. Nang sangin uzawte na u bangin bawl inla, nang sang in nauzaw numeite lungsim siangtho tak tawh na nau numei ban in bawl in ci hi (1 Tim 5:1-2).[88] Hibang a u bang nau bang a bawl ding pen Pawlpi mite ciang bek hi loin thu-um lote zong a huam ahi hi. Thessalonian pawlpi mite’n hibangte koppih nuamlo uh ahih manin Paul in ‘Ahi zongin amah galbawl kei unla, thu-uppih mi khat hihna tawh hilh bawl zaw un 2 Thes 3:15 ci hi. Sia manlote pen kitot kisel ukin thusia deih uh ahih manin tua bangin na om kei unla mi khempeuh tungah cingh in dik un, thusia na pel unla midangte tawh kilem ding na hanciam un a ci hi. Thu kihaiselna, theilo pi a kinial nate na pelh un, tua bangte in kitotna piangsak lamtak na theihsa uh ahi hi ci hi (2 Tim 2:23).

A tom in genleng siate tunga kigelh ahi Timothy le Titus pen adang Thuciam Thak a mah bangin Sawltakte makaihzia le nasepte a gen ahi hi. Amau nasep pen Pasian tuute cin hi-a, tua pen kiniamkhiatna le lungduaina tawh Pasian thu hilh in Lungdamna thu-gen ahi hi.

Makaite’ haksatnate

Makai cih zong a thubaih hi loin, haksat hun, buai hun tam hi. Himah leh hiteng kawmkal ah Pasian in letsong lian mahmah ahi lametna hong pia zo hi. Lametna cih ciangin tu laitak na makaihna bangzah takin haksa mah taleh masuan limci mahmah leh ahoih mahmah nei lai, cihna hi. Bangbang in nang hong kigensia a, na pawlpi mite haksa in nangbek na pang ahi zongin, na khialhnate a lian zongin ni khat ni ciang ama zia bangin hong kihei lel ding hi. [89]

Pasian tuucin pen Lai Siangtho in nasep hoih ci hi. Himah leh Pasian nasep pen ol, baih mahmah ding ci lo hi. Paul in Timothy le Titus tunga agelhte i sim ciangin Pasian nasemte haksatna lim gen hi. 2 Timothy zong Paul gelh mah hi-a, Pasian adingin a nuntakna nangawn a pia ding ahihna tawh kizui-in Pasian nasepna sunga om Timothy tungah tampi hilh khol hi. Tua ahih mahin sawltak Paul in Pasian nasepna ah a thuak tampite lakah pawlkhat tawh khangno makai ahi Timothy na hanthawn hi.

“Ahi zongin nang mah in ahih leh ka thu hilhna, ka gamtatna leh, ka nuntakna ah ka ngim ka tup thute na hong zui hi. Ka upna, ka lungduaina, itna ka neihna, ka lungkipna, bawlsiatna ka thuakna, gimna ka thuakna leh khua tuamtuam ah nasia takin bawlsiat na ka thuaknate na theih na phawksa ahi hi” (2 Tim 3:10-12) ci hi. Paul in Pasian sawltak a sepna pen bawlsiatna a thuakte tawh kiciamteh liang hi. A tunga ama thuak gimnate pen Jew Pasian’ thu-um lote tung pan a ngah ahi hi. A thongkiatna ahang pawlkhat zong Ephesus pawlpi makaite hang zong hikha ding hi. [90] Bangbang ahi zongin Paul in Timothy kiangah Pasian nasemte’n gimna le bawlsiatna pen i thuak ding mah hi ci lai hi.

A masa in haksatna pen hun nunung ah a piang ding mah theih sa ahi hi [91]. Paul in, ‘Ni tawpni hun pen lungkhamna hun ahih ding lamtak phawk un ci hi (2 Tim 3:1). Banghanghiam cih leh Ephesian khua pawlpi a sia manlote mah bangin biakna thu a puatham teng zui napi-in biakna thu hanga vangliatna thu a omte nial uh hi. Timothy bek hi loin makai ding tengin hibang haksatnate pen phut khak ding mah ahi hi cih phawk ding thupi hi. Hi hun nunung pen pawlpi tuamtuam ah haksatna khang tektek a, makai Pasian kammal a hilhte adingin gimna tam semsem hi (2 Tim 4:2-4, 1:8-12).

Nihna ah haksatna le gimna icihte’n Pasian mite pen khoih den mawk hi. Israelte Eypt gam pan hong paikhiat akipan 2 Tim 3:8. Hih gimna pen khat le khat kikal buaina om akipan khaicii khat ahi hi. Tua ahih manin Timothy le makai dangte’n haksatna a tuah uh ciangin lamdang a sakloh ding uh ahi hi.

Tua bek zong hi loin kum zalom century masa a Pawlpi makaite’n bawlsiatna a thuak uh ciangin lamdang a sakloh ding uh ahi hi. Hibang hun sungin Paul in Pasian vaihawmna hunnuam hong tung ding ci hi. Hibang mi gilote gualzo den lo ding ci hi. Amaute nasepna zong saupi tung khollo ding hi; banghang cih leh amau haina kimu ding (2 Tim 3:9). Mi gilote leh thu thei kineih in mi khem theite zong siattat semsem in, amaute in mi khemkhem in amaute mahmah in zong khemna a thuak ding mah uh ahi hi ci hi (2 Tim 3:13). Siksekpa Alexander in kei tunga hong bawl bangin Pasian in ama tungah thuk kik ding hi (2 Tim 4:14). Pasian in mi ginalote pen amau gamtatna bangun thukkik hamtang ding hi.

Hibang kawmkal a bawlsiatna a thuak pawlpi makai siate’n Pasian piak ding letsongte tawh kihehnem ding uh ahi hi. Paul in Timothy kiangah Pasian in kei mahmah zong gimna bawlsiatna pan hong kem ci-a, bawlsiatna ka thuakna, gimna ka thuakna, khua tuamtuam ah kei tung thu piang nasia takin bawlsiatna ka thuaknate na theih na phawksa ahi hi ci hi (2 Tim 3:11). Timothy kiangah Paul in kei mahmah zong gilo tualthat bang liangin thonginn ah hong koih uh a, ahih hangin Pasian kammal pen thongsungah kikhum thei tuan lo hi (2 Tim 2:9). A hang pen Timothy le century masa lai a makaiteng tua tawh tha la in haksatna sunga a lungkiat loh dinguh deihna ahi hi (2 Tim 2:10). Tua hi-a sih ding ngakin a om laitak nangawnin Paul in “Ahi zong in Topa in kei hong ompih a, Gentile mi khempeuh tungah Pasian thu a kicingin ka gen theih nadingin thahatna a hong pia hi” (2 Tim 4:17) ci lai hi.

Paul in a sih baih mahmah ding lamtak thei napi’n lungkia thanem selo hi. Pawlpi tuamtuam a makaite kiangah, ‘Amah tawh ka sihkhop nakleh amah tawh ka hing khawm ding, ka thuakzawh nakleh amah tawh uk khawm ding (2 Tim 2:11-12) ci hi. “Haksatna namkim sungah zong Pasian in hong ompih dinga, vantung kham innpi ka tun dongin siatnate pan hong kem ding,” ci hi (2 Tim 2:18). Paul in hibang khamuanna a neih mah bangin makai dangte’n zong a neih ding thupi hi. Paul in, “Mai ah ka manawh ding thumaanna kham lukhu in kei hong ngak hi, kei bek hi loin amah it khempeuh thu a maan in a khen Topa in tua ni ciangin kei ahong piak ding tha man lukhu ahi gualzawhna tha man lukhu in tu-in kei hong ngak gige hi,” ci hi (2 Tim 4:8). [92]

Peter in tua bang mah manawh ding kham lukhu tawh kisai makaite kiangah: “Tuucingpipa hong pai ciangin a mual ngeilo minthanna lukhu hong pia ding,” ci hi (1 Pet 5:4). Hih tuucing mangpipa pen a lunggulh pen uh ahih ding ahi hi. Paul in zong makai dangte hanthawn a Zeisu pen mihing bangin hong piang, kha nei in, ci hi (1 Tim 3:16). [93]

Tua ahih manin Paul laigelhna sunga siate makaite’n haksatna le bawlsiatnate thuak dingin kiging uh hi. Hibang buainate om ding a theih uh hangin om denlo ding cih thei uh hi. A diakdiak in 2 Timothy in haksatna sungpan Topa’n hong gualzawhpih ding kamciamnate om a, tua bang hileh Pasian kammal a pulak uh zo thei ding uh hi.

Makaite’ tupna

Tuhun tawh kizui-in pilna cih pen i phut khak le i sinkhakte tungpan akingah thute khel sawm gawp loin pomtheih santheihna; ihihna bangbang, nulepa ukna cihte akipan na upna le sannate khempeuh. [94].

Sawltak Paul tupna lian penpen ahihleh Lungdamna Thu gen mah ahi hi. Pawlpi sung makai siate’n zong hih a lian mahmah gupkhiatna thu gen ding mah tupna lian pen a neih ding thupi hi. Hi Lungdamna Thu hilh in a gen ding leh Sawltak na a sem dingin kei a hong kikoih ahi hi ci hi (2 Tim 1:11). Paul in Pasian nasemte’n Pasian thu gen ding mah tup lian pen a neih ding hanthawn hi. [95] Paul pulak lungdamna thu pen hehpihna hi-a, sia manlote gen bang ahilo nasepna le thukham tawh kithuah lungdamna thute hilo hi. Paul gen thu pen, “Amah in eite hong honkhia hi, eite in na hoih i sep zawhna hangin hong hon hilo in eite tungah suahtakna le nuntak thak a hong pia Kha Siangtho in hong sawpsiangna hangin a hong hehpihna tawh a hong honkhia ahi hi (Titus 3:5). [96]1 Tim. 1:15 Zeisu pen leitung mawh neite tan dinga hong pai ahihna gen hi. 1 Tim 2:1-6 na sungah a gen mah bangin Pasian le mite hong lemtuah mi khat bek hi-a, tua pen Zeisu Khazih ahi hi.

Timothy le makai dangte’n zong a theih ding vuah Paul gen lungdamna Thu pen sia manlote gen lungdamna thu tawh kilehbulh hi. Paul in a gen ciangin David suan Zeisu Khazih sihna pan thoto kik ci hi (2 Tim 2:8). Ahi zongin hih makaite’n a theih ding vuah gumpa pen silo ahih manin mawhneite’n kilamdanna nei loin mawk paisuak uh hi. Ahi zongin ama’n amahmah ei adingin hong kipia khia a, i mawhnateng khempeuh pan in hong gumkhia hi. Hibang mite’n a theih ding vuah gumpa’n eite hong tan’khin a, itna tawh hong sam ta hi. Pawlpi siate le makaite theih dingah Pasian in eite pen meidawina lungsim hong guan hi loin hansanna hong guan hi (2 Tim 1:7). [97].

Lungdamna Thu icih pen hehpihna tawh kidim in zuih ding tan ding tuamtuam om nawnlo ahih manin hih lungdamna thu mah a gen ding uh ahi hi (Titus 1:1). Phawk ding a thupi khat ah lungdamna thu pen lungsim sungtawng pan a hong phulkhia itna ahi hi. Bek tham loin makaite’n zong lungsim siangtho mah neih ding kisam a, amau nuntakna mahmah vuah Pasian a tel khinte ahih loh phamawh hi.  Titus 1:16 sunga Pasian a thei bang dan a om napi’n a gamtat a nuntaknate’n Pasian sanglo cih bangte hilo ding hi. A pawlpite uh tuucin banga kep ding hi-a, Lungdamna Thu hilh in leitung silesa lunggulhnate a nial ding uh ahi hi (Titus 2:11-12).

Hi bang in Pasian vangliatna le thupha tawh a kidim Lungdamna thu hong theih tel khit uh ciangin pawlpi mite lampial lo ding uh hi (1 Tim 1:10-11). Pasian zia tawh a kilehbulhte na thukim kei unla, upna laigil na lakkhia un (1 Tim. 6:3). Tua ahih manin kum zalom masa lai-a makaite in pumpi ki-ukna bekbek buphuh gemgam lo zaw in, upna laigil thute bek hilh ding uh a, (Titus 2:1) gamtat hoih nuntak pha tawh a nuntak theih nadingun lamlak in makaih ding uh hi (1 Tim. 4:7). Kimuanna tawh thu gen ding uh a, tua tungtawn in Pasian hong um ding mite in gamtat hoih hong nei thei pah ding uh hi (Titus 3:8). Tua ahih manin amaute in a mipite uh it ding uh a, kiptak in upna laigil sungah hong kalsuan theih nadingun makaih ding uh hi. Tua hi-a, I nial leh ama’n zong hong nial ding hi (2 Tim. 2:12). Lungdamna thu pen hoihna tawh I bulphuh ding ahi hi(Titus 1:1). Hih Pawlpi Makaite ading Paul ii ngeinate a za kha mite in hotkhiatna ngah ding uh hi (1 Tim. 4:16).

 

Ref:

[1] Peter C. Hodgson, The Formation of Historical Theology: A Study of Ferdinand  Christian (Baur Makers of Modern Theology; New York: Harper & Row, 1966), p. 70.

[2] Lea, T. D., & Griffin, H. P. (2001, c1992). Vol. 34: 1, 2 Timothy, Titus. The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broad man & Holman Publishers, 2001), p. 201.

[3] Peter C. Hodgson, The Formation of Historical Theology: A Study of Ferdinand  Christian (Baur Makers of Modern Theology; New York: Harper & Row, 1966), p. 72.

[4] G. D. Fee, “Reflections on Church Order in the Pastoral Epistles, with Further Reflection on the Hermeneutics of Ad Hoc Documents,” JETS 28 (1985), p. 142–43.

[5] W. D. Mounce, The Pastoral Epistles (WBC 46; Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2000), p. 153.

[6] A. J. Köstenberger, “Women in the Church: A Response to Kevin Giles,” EvQ73 (2001): 205–24, esp. p. 207–12.

[7] T. D. Gordon, “A Certain Kind of Letter: The Genre of 1 Timothy,” in Women in the Church: A Fresh Analysis of 1 Timothy 2:9–15” (ed. A. J. Köstenberger, T. R. Schreiner, and H. S. Baldwin; Grand Rapids: Baker, 1995), p. 53–63.

[8] L. T. Johnson, Letters to Paul’s Delegates: 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Titus (The New Testament in Context; Valley Forge, PA: Trinity Press International, 1996), p. 106–7, 168.

[9] Excerpt from Timothy Z. Witmer, The Shepherd Leader (Phillipsburg: P&R, forthcoming). Published in Timothy Z. Witmer, “Eternal Word, Changing World,” WT 2, iss. 1 (Winter 2010), p. 23.

[10] Andrew D. Clarke, A Pauline Theology of Church Leadership (London: T&T Clark, 2008), p. 1.

[11] Mark Dever, By Whose Authority? Elders in Baptist Life (Washington, D. C.: 9Marks, 2006), p. 4-7.

[12] 1 Peter 5:1-2 may be a further corroboration of this equivalency. So Dever, By Whose Authority, 4-7. However, the participle in 1 Pet 5:2, έπισκοπούντες (“the ones exercising oversight”), is a textual variant, included in brackets in Nestle-Aland’s text and by Metzger.

[13] Anglican scholar and missiologist Roland Allen in Missionary Methods: St. Paul’s or Ours (London: Robert Scott, 1912), 138-139, as quoted in Dever, By Whose Authority, p. 10.

[14] The plural participle Τούς αμαρτάνοντος in 5:20 refers to the sinning elders.

[15] Gene A. Getz, Elders and Leaders: God's Plan for Leading the Church: A Biblical, Historical, and Cultural Perspective (Chicago: Moody, 2003), p. 211.

[16] Getz, Elders and Leaders, 209-211. Also, Dever, By Whose Authority, p. 7-10.

[17] Mark Dever and Paul Alexander, The Deliberate Church (Wheaton: Crossway, 2005),  p. 190.

[18] Marshall and Towner present an eccentric exception in Marshall and Towner, Pastoral Epistles, P. 612-615

[19] Fee, Timothy, Titus, 129. So Stott, 1 Timothy and Titus, 137; Knight, Pastoral Epistles, 232; Mounce, Pastoral Epistles, 309; Gill, Galatians to Revelation, 303. Contra Guthrie, Pastoral Epistles, 105; Chrysostom, Homilies on Galatians, etc, P. 460.

[20] See Calvin on 1 Tim 5:17 in Calvin, Galatians, etc, 138.

[21] Lexical studies based on the work of T.C. Skeat, “Especially the Parchments: A Note on 2 Timothy 4:13,” JTS 30 (1979), P. 173-177.

 [22] So Mounce, Pastoral Epistles, 306-310; Stott, 1 Timothy and Titus, 136; Knight, Pastoral Epistles, 232; Marshall and Towner, Pastoral Epistles, 612; contra Guthrie, Pastoral Epistles, 105; Fee, Timothy, Titus, P. 128.

[23] This says nothing about the amount of compensation, nor of an obligation by elder to accept compensation (e.g., Paul chose not to “cash in” his right to gain his living from the gospel in 1 Cor. 9).

[24] Mounce, Pastoral Epistles, 312. So Marshall and Towner, Pastoral Epistles, P. 618.

[25] Calvin, Galatians, etc, P. 140.

[26] While it seems clear that, initially, Paul (Acts 14:23) and then Timothy and Titus (1 Tim 5:22-25, Titus 1:5) had the responsibility and authority to ordain elders, it is not clear who has that authority in post-apostolic times. While 1 Tim 5:22-25 introduces a key principle for elder ordination, nowhere in Scripture are we told who is authorized to make the ordination decision. See John B.Polhill, Acts (NAC 26; Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1992), 319, who seems intent on congregational polity, even given Acts 14:23.

[27] Clarke, Church Leadership, P. 104.

[28] Contra Dever, By Whose Authority, 32-36. Dever’s most compelling point relates to church discipline (Mt 18; 1 Cor 5), where clearly the work of excommunication is a congregational act. However, it is easier to fit this singlescenario into an elder- rule (authority vested in elders) polity than to accommodate several texts to an elder-led (authority vested in congregation) polity.

[29] Marshall and Towner, Pastoral Epistles, 611. Contra Dever, By Whose Authority, 35; Mounce, Pastoral Epistles, 306, where Mounce translates προϊστημι as serving well.

[30] Comments on προϊστημι in 1 Tim 3:4 in Mounce, Pastoral Epistles, P. 178.

[31] This verb occurs eight times in the NT. Six of the eight are in the PE. Two are Titus 3:8 and 3:14, translated engage in, and are really not relevant. Four occurrences in the PE are much on point: 1 Tim 3:4, 3:5, 3:12 and 5:17. The other two occurrences (Rom 5:8 and 1 Thes 5:12) likely deal with leaders as well.

[32] In all managerial realms, responsibility without commensurate authority does not work.

[33] So Fee, Timothy, Titus, 175. Commenting on Titus 1:9, Fee remarks: “It should be noted that these are exactly the tasks enjoined on Timothy in 1 Timothy (cf. 2 Tim 4:2). Here, even though Titus is to lead the way . . ., these tasks are to be entrusted to the elders/overseers.” [34] Strauch, Biblical Eldership, P. 169.

[35] Contra Guthrie who maintains that Titus 1 adds an additional requirement to 1 Tim 3 that children not only be controlled, but believing (see Guthrie, Pastoral Epistles, 184). Our study sees no such qualitative addition.

[36] It is worth noting that two words are translated above reproach in the NT. Ανεπίλημπτος occurs three times in the NT – 1 Tim 3:2 (elders), 5:7 (widows), and 6:14 (Timothy). Аνέγκλητος: occurs five times in the NT – 1 Tim 3:8 (deacons), Titus 1:6 and 1:7 (elders), 1 Cor 1:8 (the Corinthians), and Col 1:22 (the Colossians).

[37] So Fee: “The overseer must be above reproach. That would seem to default any aspiring person! The term ‘above reproach’ has to do with irreproachable observable conduct.” Fee, Timothy, Titus, P. 80.

[38] See Fee, Timothy, Titus, 80-81; Mounce, Pastoral Epistles, 170-173; or Getz, Elders and Leaders, P. 164-167.

[39] So Fee, Timothy, Titus, 80-81; Mounce, Pastoral Epistles, 170-173; Strauch, Biblical Eldership, 192-193; Stott, 1 Timothy and Titus, 94; and Getz, Elders and Leaders,167. Marshall and Towner say it economically: “The phrase ‘one-woman man’ is positive in tone and stresses faithfulness in marriage, rather than prohibiting some specific unsanctioned form of marriage.” (Marshall and Towner, Pastoral Epistles, 477-478.) See Chrysostom, Homilies on Galatians, etc, 438, for the anti-polygamy interpretation.

[40] Getz, Elders and Leaders, 167.

[41] Stott, 1 Timothy and Titus, 175. The author follows Stott in taking the feminized phrase in 1 Tim 5:9 for widows the same way; namely, that qualified widows are those who have been sexually faithful in marriage.

[42] So RSV, NASB, NIV, ESV and Fee, Timothy, Titus, 173; Marshall and Towner, Pastoral Epistles, 158-159; Guthrie, Pastoral Epistles, 184; Stott, 1 Timothy and Titus, 175-176; Calvin, Galatians, etc, 293; Van Dam, Elder, 142. Contra Knight, Pastoral Epistles, 290; Chrysostom, Homilies on Galatians, etc, 524-525; John Gill, Galatians to Revelation (complete & unabridged; EONT 9; London: Mathews & Leigh, 1809; repr., Paris, Ark.: Baptist Standard Bearer, 1989), 349; Strauch, Biblical Eldership, 173-174. Mounce, Pastoral Epistles, 388-389, is unsure.

[43] Knight, Pastoral Epistles, 289-290. Contra Guthrie, Pastoral Epistles, 184.

[44] Van Neste, “Titus,” in ESV Study Bible, P. 2348.

[45] Strauch, Biblical Eldership, P. 174.

[46] So Fee, Timothy, Titus, 83. Their probable novice status, which produced pride and lordliness, would link this prohibition with the prohibition in 1 Tim 3:6 of an elder not being a new convert, “lest he become conceited and fall into the condemnation incurred by the devil.”

[47] Stott, 1 Timothy and Titus, P. 175.

[48] So Malphurs, Being Leaders, P. 31-48. [49] Fee, Timothy, Titus, P. 174.

[50] “Drunkenness was one of the common vices of antiquity.” Fee, Timothy, Titus, P. 81.

[51] Of the Greek word in Titus 1:7, πάροινος, Marshall and Towner say: “Literally, it refers to being drunk, to whatever extent (e.g. ‘tipsy, slightly drunk’).”  Marshall and Towner, Pastoral Epistles, P. 161.

[52] Based on the syntax of the strong adversative (αλλά) in 1 Tim 3:3 between not pugnacious and gentle, uncontentious, the author sees those last two terms as components and embellishments of not pugnacious. Contra Mounce, Pastoral Epistles, 157, who associates these terms based on lexical meaning rather than syntax.

[53] Based on 1 Tim 5:18, Mounce discerns that the issue is not profitability, but “the desire to be rich beyond one’s needs.” Mounce, Pastoral Epistles, 390; contra Fee, Timothy, Titus, P. 174. [54] So Mounce, Pastoral Epistles, 156.

[55] So Mounce, Pastoral Epistles, 158.

[56] Σώφρων is translated in the NASB as sensible (Titus 1:8) and prudent (1 Tim 3:2), but both the NIV and ESV seem more on point with self-controlled for both usages.

[57] Likewise, young women were not to be lazy, but “workers at home” (Titus 2:5); and Paul wanted the younger widows to “get married, bear children, keep house” rather than “learn to be idle” (1 Tim 5:13-14).

[58] The author is aware of the σώφρων/εκρατής word group and resultant translational challenges (see Excursus 3 on the entire word group in Marshall and Towner, Pastoral Epistles, 182-191). While hard to be dogmatic, this present study distinguishes σώφρων, referring to the general, overarching practice and attitude of self-control, from εκρατής, which seems to refer to the earthier, bodily appetite side of self-control (cf. Gal 5:23) and to be related to things like anger control, food and wine consumption, and appetites for money and sex.

[59] The NIV and ESV seem better here, translating δίκαιος as upright rather than just as the NASB and KJV.

[60] Again, the author prefers the KJV, NIV and ESV’s translation of όσιος (holy) to that of the NASB (devout), though the NASB translates the negated form (ανόσιοι) in 2 Tim 3:2 as unholy.So Fee, Timothy, Titus, P. 271-274.

[61] So Fee, Timothy, Titus, P. 271-274.

[62] The Greek here is the adjective εκρατής and appears synonymous with νηφάλον (temperate) in 1 Tim 3:2 (so Mounce, Pastoral Epistles, 156). The author prefers restrained to the major translations (self-controlled, NASB; disciplined, NIV, ESV), although temperate seems closest were it not for its limiting association with alcohol. See nominal cognates to εκρατής in Gal 5:23 and verbal cognates in 1 Cor 7:9, 9:25.

[63] Mounce ties σώφρων to 2 Tim 3:3, even though the word there is ακρατής which this present study ties more closely to εκρατής from Titus 1:8. See Mounce, Pastoral Epistles, P. 156.

[64] Fee, Timothy, Titus, P. 270.

[65] See footnote 123 on σώφρων/εκρατής distinction.         

[66] Κοσμίος (respectable in 1 Tim 3:2) is part of a word group which includes 1) εκρατής (self-controlled, NASB; disciplined, NIV; and restrained, Pastor, in Titus 1:8); 2) νηφάλον (temperate or sober in 1 Tim 3:2); 3) σώφρων (sensible or self-controlled in Titus 1:8); and 4) σεμνότης (dignified in 1 Tim 3:8). So Mounce, Pastoral Epistles, 156, and especially Excursus 3 in Marshall and Towner, Pastoral Epistles, 182-191 and 478. The significance of recognizing this word group includes: 1) seeing that the false teachers had significant self-control issues; 2) further realizing that their ascetic solutions (1 Tim 4:1-3) were to no effect; and, 3) ultimately, seeing that only saving grace can transform sinners into those who live truly in a self-controlled way.

[67] Including NASB, NIV, and ESV.

[68] 1 Tim 3:7 appears to be an embellishment of this notion of being respectable in 3:2, with the emphasis on reputation with outsiders and not falling into the devil’s snare, as the false teachers had (cf. 2 Tim 2:26).

[69] So Mounce, Pastoral Epistles, 391-392; Fee, Timothy, Titus, p.175.

[70] Care is needed here. The ability to teach does not necessarily mean the gift of teaching, nor does it require the modern convention of preaching before a large audience. Many have argued that the churches in both Ephesus and Crete were house churches, perhaps more similar to our modern day small groups.

[71] Stott, 1 Timothy and Titus, p. 74.

72] I bid. P. 75

[73] So Moo in Piper and Grudem, Recovering Biblical Manhood, 179-193; Tom Schreiner in Andreas J. Köstenberger and Thomas R. Schreiner, eds., Women in the Church: An Analysis and Application of 1 Timothy 2:9-15 (2d ed.; Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2005), 85-120; Mounce, Pastoral Epistles, 9-149; Calvin, Galatians,  etc, 67-72; Clarke, Church Leadership, 79103; Knight, Pastoral Epistles, 138-149; Guthrie, Pastoral Epistles, 74-79. Contra Stott, 1 Timothy and Titus, 73-78; Marshall and Towner, Pastoral Epistles, 436-443; Fee, Timothy, Titus, 70-77; and especially Fee, “Reflections,” 141-151. N.B. I’ve listed these men as contra because of their strong ad hoc orientation, which promotes both unsound exegesis (see Stott) and limited application to those churches which closely approximate the original ad hoc conditions. Yet, their positions are mild compared to radical feminists like Jewett, who treat a text like 1 Tim 2:11-15 as ill-formed, defective, first century Christianity which fell short of the Magna Carta of humanity, Gal 3:28. See Paul K. Jewett, Man as Male and Female: A Study in Sexual Relationships from a Theological Point of View (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1976), p. 142-149.

[74] Wilson, W. G. “An Examination of the Linguistic Evidence Adduced against the Unity of Authorship of the First Epistle of John and the Fourth Gospel.” Journal of Theological Studies (1948), p. 147-56.

[75] The meaning of 1 Tim 2:14 (Eve’s deception) is beyond the scope of this paper. However, the Congruent Creation view advocated by Mounce (per Doriani) must be considered. See Mounce, Pastoral Epistles, p. 184-185.

[76] Schreiner references Towner’s work which sees the over-realized eschatology in the Pastoral Epistles as analogous to a “similar phenomena in 1 Corinthians” in Köstenberger and Schreiner, Women in the Church, p. 89.

[77] James B. Hurley, Man and Woman in Biblical Perspective (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1981), p. 185-194.

[78] Gordon Fee, The First Epistle to the Corinthians (NICNT; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1993), p. 699-708.

[79] Fee, “Reflections,”p.  147-148.

[80] Excerpt from Witmer, The Shepherd Leader (forthcoming). Published in Witmer, “Eternal Word,” p. 23.

[81] The word translated shepherds (or pastors) in Eph 4:11 is the nominal cognate of the verb shepherd used in John 21:16 and 1 Peter 5:2. Also, the fact that these shepherds were gifted (gifted as in gifts of the Spirit) does not necessarily mean that all shepherds were gifted. No doubt some were, but to combine Eph 4:11 with the office of elder or shepherd in such a way as to require all elders to be gifted for that office is not exegetically necessary.

[82] See discussion of μάλιστα (namely) in Compensation of Leaders above.

[83] This position is contra all who want to separate teaching from ruling elders, or even bishops from elders. While different elders may emphasize different functions in the first century church, it appears that all elders were socalled teaching elders, all elders were so-called ruling elders, and all elders were shepherds.

[84] Fee, Timothy, Titus, 8; Fee, “Reflections,” p. 147.

[85] The context of 1 Timothy best supports the faith rendering of πιστίς, hence the interpretation that these young widows desired to marry unbelievers, over the pledge rendering, with its idea of altering some type of vow not to marry. So KJV, ESV and Fee, Timothy, Titus, 121-122. Contra NASB, NIV, and Archibald Thomas Robertson, The Epistles of Paul (WP 4; Grand Rapids: Baker, 1931), p. 586.

[86] Obviously, a woman is not saved through having children. However, the general sense here is salvific and is tied to the holiness associated with a woman who humbly accepts the role and demeanor befitting a woman making a claim to godliness.

[87] The author takes sick to refer to spiritually sick, not physically sick.

[88] Those referenced in 5:1-2 are taken to be wayward sheep, victims of the heretical elders in Ephesus.

[89] Jeff Iorg, The Painful Side of Leadership, p. 265.

[90] Especially if the Alexander in 2 Tim 4:14 is the same as the Alexander in 1 Tim 1:20. Refer to the Occasion of 1 Timothy above for more.

[91] See footnote 69 on 2 Tim 3:1.

[92] Or over-realized eschatology as in 2 Tim 2:17-18. See the Occasion of Pastoral Epistles above.

[93] See footnote 46 on 1 Tim 3:16. [94] Dever, Nine Marks, 83-84.

[95] “Remember Jesus Christ . . . according to my gospel” (2 Tim 2:9; cf. Gal 1:6-2:21, Jude 34).

[96] The author takes μάλιστα as namely. So Stott, 1 Timothy and Titus, 118; Marshall and Towner, Pastoral Epistles, 556-557; Knight, Pastoral Epistles, 203; contra Mounce, Pastoral Epistles, 255-257; Fee, Timothy, Titus, p. 106.

[97] The author takes spirit in v. 7 to be the Holy Spirit. So Fee, Timothy, Titus, p. 226.