Dispensationalism is a system of biblical interpretation
popular with Protestant evangelicals and fundamentalists. Dispensationalists divide
biblical history into different periods, called dispensations, in which God covenanted
with humanity in particular ways. Although not all conservative Protestants hold
dispensational views, as both a scheme of interpreting the Bible and a popular religious
movement, dispensationalism is influential in the United States , where it helped define
modern American evangelicalism.
Dispensationalism did not originate in the United States . Historically,
Christians identified two dispensations of God's work: the Old Covenant and the
New. In each testament, God unfolded a plan of salvation—through Moses or Jesus—effective
for a given time. In the 1830s John Nelson Darby (1800–1882), a Church of England
minister who founded the Plymouth Brethren, elaborated upon this notion to further [Page 189] decipher biblical history and prophecy. Instead of just
two covenants, Darby identified numerous dispensations in the Bible.
Every dispensation follows the same pattern: God
issues a command that tests human obedience, human beings fail the test, and God
judges their failure. In the Adamic dispensation, for example, God forbade humans
to eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. But Adam and Eve disobeyed
and ate. Thus, God condemned humans to suffer and die and expelled them from Eden 's bliss. Throughout Israel 's
history, this pattern of testing and judgment continues.
These failures should have prepared Israel to recognize
Jesus as the Messiah. However, the Jews again disobeyed God by rejecting Jesus.
Accordingly, God might have punished humanity with final destruction. Instead, God
postponed judgment until the Jews repent and accept Jesus Christ. Hence, a great
"pause" occurred in the biblical timeline. For an undetermined time, the
church, God's New Israel, replaces ethnic Israel as the center of biblical history.
When the church successfully completes its mission to evangelize the Gentiles, a
seven-year tribulation will engulf the world, the Antichrist will deceive humanity,
many Jews will finally believe in Jesus, the battle of Armageddon will occur, Christ
will return and defeat Satan, and God will establish the kingdom on earth. Unique
to dispensationalism is the doctrine of the "secret rapture," the belief
that Christians will be snatched from earth by Jesus, who will "catch them
up in the clouds" (1 Thessalonians 4:15–17). Although the majority of dispensationalists
place the rapture before the tribulation, some locate it halfway through or at the
end of the tribulation.
In the United States , influential ministers
in the late nineteenth century advocated dispensationalism through revival meetings,
Bible and prophetic conferences, and Bible institutes. Many American Protestants
became convinced that dispensationalism was the key to unlock biblical prophecy.
Even mainline denominations—including the Presbyterians and Episcopalians—had dispensational
factions. In 1909 the new Scofield
Reference Bible made dispensational theology widely accessible, and the book
became a best-seller (expanded in 1917; revised in 1967). In 1924 dispensationalists
founded the Dallas Theological Seminary to train pastors for their burgeoning movement.
Although dispensationalism experienced continued
popularity with conservatives, it seemed to decline at midcentury with negative
public perceptions of fundamentalism. In 1970 Hal Lindsey, a Dallas Seminary graduate,
published The Late Great Planet Earth as an up-to-date explanation of dispensational
teachings. By 1974 Lindsey's book had gone through forty editions and sold four
million copies. His rendering of prophecy shaped the political views of the nascent
Religious Right, despite dispensationalist pessimism regarding human institutions.
Part of Ronald Reagan's appeal to the Religious Right came from his ability to synthesize
prophetic concerns into Republican politics and foreign policy. Influential dispensationalists,
such as Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson, retained elements of the theology while
adapting it to the politics of the 1980s and 1990s. As of 1999, The Late Great
Planet Earth remained in print. However, as the century ended, it had been somewhat
supplanted by Tim LaHaye and Jerry Jenkins's fictional Left Behind series,
which repackaged dispensationalism in the guise of political-religious thrillers.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Carpenter, Joel A. Revive Us Again: The Reawakening
of American Fundamentalism. 1997. Lindsey, Hal. The Late Great
Planet Earth. 1970.
Marsden, George M. Fundamentalism and American
Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism, 1870 –1925. 1980.
Sandeen, Ernest R. The Roots of Fundamentalism:
British and American Millenarianism, 1800 –1930. 1970.
Smith, Christian. American Evangelicalism:
Embattled and Thriving. 1998.
Weber, Timothy P. Living in the Shadow of the
Second Coming: American Premillennialism, 1875–1982. 1983.
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